- Concept of atoms and molecules;
- Dalton’s atomic theory;
- Mole concept;
- Chemical formulae;
- Balanced chemical equations;
- Calculations (based on mole concept and stoichiometry) involving
- common oxidation-reduction,
- neutralisation, and
- displacement reactions;
- Concentration in terms of mole fraction,
- molarity,
- molality and
- normality.
- Gas laws and ideal gas equation,
- absolute scale of temperature;
- Deviation from ideality, van der Waals equation;
- Kinetic theory of gases,
- average,
- root mean square and
- most probable velocities and their relation with temperature;
- Law of partial pressures;
- Diffusion of gases.
- Intermolecular interactions:
- types,
- distance dependence, and their effect on properties;
- Liquids:
- vapour pressure,
- surface tension,
- viscosity.
- Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen atom;
- Wave-particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis;
- Uncertainty principle;
- Qualitative quantum mechanical picture of hydrogen atom:
- Energies,
- quantum numbers,
- wave function and probability density (plots only),
- shapes of s, p and d orbitals;
- Aufbau principle;
- Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule.
- Orbital overlap and covalent bond;
- Hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals only;
- Molecular orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species (up to Ne2);
- Hydrogen bond;
- Polarity in molecules,
- VSEPR model and shapes of molecules (linear, angular, triangular, square planar, pyramidal, square pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral).
- Intensive and extensive properties,
- state functions,
- First law of thermodynamics;
- Internal energy,
- work (pressure-volume only) and heat;
- Enthalpy,
- heat capacity,
- standard state,
- Hess’s law;
- Enthalpy of reaction,
- fusion and vapourization, and
- lattice enthalpy;
- Second law of thermodynamics;
- Entropy;
- Gibbs energy;
- Criteria of equilibrium and spontaneity.
- Law of mass action;
- Significance of ȟܩ and ȟܩٓ in chemical equilibrium;
- Equilibrium constant (Kp and Kc) and reaction quotient,
- Le Chatelier’s principle (effect of concentration, temperature and pressure);
- Solubility product and its applications,
- common ion effect,
- pH and buffer solutions;
- Acids and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts);
- Hydrolysis of salts.
- Electrochemical cells and cell reactions;
- Standard electrode potentials;
- Electrochemical work, Nernst equation;
- Electrochemical series, emf of galvanic cells;
- Faraday’s laws of electrolysis;
- Electrolytic conductance,
- specific,
- equivalent and molar conductivity,
- Kohlrausch’s law;
- Batteries:
- Primary and Secondary,
- fuel cells;
- Corrosion.
- Rates of chemical reactions;
- Order and molecularity of reactions;
- Rate law,
- rate constant,
- half-life;
- Differential and integrated rate expressions for zero and first order reactions;
- Temperature dependence of rate constant (Arrhenius equation and activation energy);
- Catalysis:
- Homogeneous and heterogeneous,
- activity and selectivity of solid catalysts,
- enzyme catalysis and its mechanism.
- Classification of solids,
- crystalline state,
- seven crystal systems (cell parameters a, b, c, α, β, γ),
- close packed structure of solids (cubic and hexagonal),
- packing in fcc,
- bcc and hcp lattices;
- Nearest neighbours,
- ionic radii and
- radius ratio,
- point defects
- Henry’s law;
- Raoult’s law;
- Ideal solutions;
- Colligative properties:
- lowering of vapour pressure,
- elevation of boiling point,
- depression of freezing point, and
- osmotic pressure;
- Van’t Hoff factor.
- Elementary concepts of adsorption:
- Physisorption and Chemisorption,
- Freundlich adsorption isotherm;
- Colloids:
- types,
- methods of preparation and general properties;
- Elementary ideas of emulsions,
- surfactants and micelles (only definitions and examples).
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
- Modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table;
- electronic configuration of elements;
- periodic trends in atomic radius,
- ionic radius,
- ionization enthalpy,
- electron gain enthalpy,
- valence,
- oxidation states,
- electronegativity, and
- chemical reactivity.
- Position of hydrogen in periodic table,
- occurrence,
- isotopes,
- preparation,
- properties and uses of hydrogen;
- hydrides – ionic, covalent and interstitial;
- physical and chemical properties of water,
- hydrogen peroxide-
- preparation,
- reactions,
- use and structure;
- hydrogen as a fuel.
- Alkali and alkaline earth metals-reactivity towards air, water, dihydrogen, halogens, acids;
- their reducing nature including solutions in liquid ammonia;
- uses of these elements;
- general characteristics of their oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids;
- anomalous behaviour of lithium and beryllium;
- preparation, properties, and uses of compounds of sodium (sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate) and calcium (calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate).
- Oxidation state and trends in chemical reactivity of elements of groups 13-17;
- anomalous properties of boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine with respect to other elements in their respective groups.
- Group 13:
- Reactivity towards acids, alkalis, and halogens;
- preparation, properties, and uses of borax,
- orthoboric acid,
- diborane,
- boron trifluoride,
- aluminium chloride, and
- alums;
- uses of boron and aluminium.
- Group 14:
- Reactivity towards water and halogen;
- allotropes of carbon and uses of carbon;
- preparation, properties, and uses of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, silicon dioxide, silicones, silicates, zeolites.
- Group 15:
- Reactivity towards hydrogen, oxygen, and halogen;
- allotropes of phosphorous;
- preparation, properties, and uses of dinitrogen, ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine, phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride;
- oxides of nitrogen and oxoacids of phosphorus.
- Group 16:
- Reactivity towards hydrogen, oxygen, and halogen;
- simple oxides;
- allotropes of sulfur;
- preparation/ manufacture, properties, and uses of dioxygen, ozone, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid;
- oxoacids of sulfur.
- Group 17:
- Reactivity towards hydrogen, oxygen, and metals;
- preparation/ manufacture, properties, and uses of chlorine, hydrogen chloride and interhalogen compounds;
- oxoacids of halogens, bleaching powder.
- Group 18:
- Chemical properties and uses;
- compounds of xenon with fluorine and oxygen.
- Oxidation states and their stability;
- standard electrode potentials;
- interstitial compounds;
- alloys;
- catalytic properties;
- applications;
- preparation, structure, and reactions of oxoanions of chromium and manganese.
- Lanthanoid and actinoid contractions;
- oxidation states;
- general characteristics.
- Werner’s theory;
- Nomenclature,
- cis-trans and ionization isomerism,
- hybridization and geometries (linear, tetrahedral, square planar and octahedral) of mononuclear coordination compounds;
- Bonding [VBT and CFT (octahedral and tetrahedral fields)];
- Magnetic properties (spin-only) and colour of 3d-series coordination compounds;
- Ligands and spectrochemical series;
- Stability;
- Importance and applications;
- Metal carbonyls.
- Metal ores and their concentration;
- extraction of crude metal from concentrated ores:
- thermodynamic (iron, copper, zinc) and electrochemical (aluminium) principles of metallurgy;
- cyanide process (silver and gold);
- refining.
- Groups I to V (only Ag+ , Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+);
- Nitrate, halides (excluding fluoride), carbonate and bicarbonate, sulphate and sulphide.
- Atmospheric pollution;
- water pollution;
- soil pollution;
- industrial waste;
- strategies to control environmental pollution;
- green chemistry.
- Hybridisation of carbon;
- σ and π-bonds;
- Shapes of simple organic molecules;
- aromaticity;
- Structural and geometrical isomerism;
- Stereoisomers and stereochemical relationship (enantiomers, diastereomers, meso) of compounds containing only up to two asymmetric centres 6 (R, S and E, Z configurations excluded);
- Determination of empirical and molecular formulae of simple compounds by combustion method only;
- IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules (hydrocarbons, including simple cyclic hydrocarbons and their mono-functional and bi-functional derivatives only);
- Hydrogen bonding effects;
- Inductive, Resonance and Hyperconjugative effects;
- Acidity and basicity of organic compounds;
- Reactive intermediates produced during homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage;
- Formation, structure and stability of carbocations, carbanions and free radicals.
- Homologous series;
- Physical properties (melting points, boiling points and density) and effect of branching on them;
- Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman projections only);
- Preparation from alkyl halides and aliphatic carboxylic acids;
- Reactions: combustion, halogenation (including allylic and benzylic halogenation) and oxidation.
- Physical properties (boiling points, density and dipole moments);
- Preparation by elimination reactions;
- Acid catalysed hydration (excluding the stereochemistry of addition and elimination);
- Metal acetylides;
- Reactions of alkenes with KMnO4 and ozone;
- Reduction of alkenes and alkynes;
- Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with X2, HX, HOX, (X=halogen);
- Effect of peroxide on addition reactions;
- cyclic polymerization reaction of alkynes.
- Structure;
- Electrophilic substitution reactions:
- halogenation,
- nitration,
- sulphonation,
- FriedelCrafts alkylation and
- acylation;
- Effect of directing groups (monosubstituted benzene) in these reactions.
- Physical properties;
- Preparation,
- Electrophilic substitution reactions of phenol (halogenation, nitration, sulphonation);
- Reimer-Tiemann reaction,
- Esterification;
- Etherification;
- Aspirin synthesis;
- Oxidation and reduction reactions of phenol.
- Rearrangement reactions of alkyl carbocation;
- Grignard reactions;
- Nucleophilic substitution reactions and their stereochemical aspects.
- Physical properties;
- Reactions:
- esterification,
- dehydration (formation of alkenes and ethers);
- Reactions with:
- sodium,
- phosphorus halides,
- ZnCl2/ concentrated HCl,
- thionyl chloride;
- Conversion of alcohols into
- aldehydes,
- ketones and carboxylic acids.
- Preparation by Williamson’s synthesis;
- C-O bond cleavage reactions.
- Preparation of:
- aldehydes and ketones from acid chlorides and nitriles;
- aldehydes from esters;
- benzaldehyde from toluene and benzene;
- Reactions: oxidation, reduction, oxime and hydrazone 7 formation;
- Aldol condensation,
- Haloform reaction;
- Nucleophilic addition reaction with
- RMgX,
- NaHSO3,
- HCN,
- alcohol,
- amine.
- Physical properties;
- Preparation:
- from nitriles,
- Grignard reagents,
- hydrolysis of esters and amides;
- Preparation of benzoic acid from alkylbenzenes;
- Reactions:
- reduction,
- halogenation,
- formation of esters,
- acid chlorides and
- amides.
- Preparation from nitro compounds,
- Reactions:
- Hoffmann bromamide degradation,
- Gabriel phthalimide synthesis;
- Reaction with nitrous acid,
- Azo coupling reaction of diazonium salts of aromatic amines;
- Sandmeyer and related reactions of diazonium salts;
- Carbylamine reaction,
- Hinsberg test,
- Alkylation and
- acylation reactions.
- Reactions:
- Nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes and substituted haloarenes (excluding benzyne mechanism and cine substitution).
- Carbohydrates:
- Mono- and di-saccharides (glucose and sucrose);
- Oxidation;
- Reduction;
- Glycoside formation and hydrolysis of disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose);
- Anomers. Proteins:
- Amino acids;
- Peptide linkage;
- Structure of peptides (primary and secondary);
- Types of proteins (fibrous and globular).
- Nucleic acids:
- Chemical composition and structure of DNA and RNA.
- Types of polymerization (addition, condensation);
- Homo and copolymers;
- Natural rubber;
- Cellulose;
- Nylon;
- Teflon;
- Bakelite;
- PVC;
- Bio-degradable polymers;
- Applications of polymers.
- Drug-target interaction;
- Therapeutic action, and
- examples (excluding structures) of antacids,
- antihistamines,
- tranquilizers,
- analgesics,
- antimicrobials, and antifertility drugs;
- Artificial sweeteners (names only);
- Soaps, detergents, and cleansing action.
- Detection of elements (N, S, halogens);
- Detection and identification of the following functional groups:
- hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic),
- carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone),
- carboxyl,
- amino and
- nitro.
